Perform outcomes AC for each of the following hormones TRH T

Perform outcomes A-C for each of the following hormones: TRH, TSH, thyroid hormone, GnRH, LH, FSH, testosterone, CRH, ACTH, cortisol, aldosterone, androgens, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.

A. Describe the stimulus for release of the hormone

B. Identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce the hormone.

C. Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells.

Solution

Stimulus of release

Gland/tissue/organ

Target tissue

TRH

Hypothalamus release

Produces by medial neurons of paraventricular nucleus in hypothalamus in the brain

The effect of TRH on the anterior pituitary gland is to trigger the release of TSH, stimulating the thyroid gland to make more thyroid horomone.

TSH

TRH from hypothalamus

Pituitary gland from cells called thyrotrophs

Simulates the release of thyroxine and triiodothyronine from thyroid gland

Thyroid hormone

TSH from pituitary gland

Follicular cells of thyroid gland ,where thyroxine is produced as thyroglobulin and then is cleaved by enzymes to make the active triiodothyronine

act on nearly every cell in the body. They act to increase the body metabolic rate, affect protein synthesis, help regulate long bone growth. The thyroid hormones are central to proper development and differentiation of all cells of the body. These regulate the body metabolism

GnRH

Released from hypothalamus

Releasesd from hypothalamus by GnRH expressing neurons

Acts on pituitary hormone to release Luteinizing Hormone and folicle stimulating hormone

LH

Stimulated by GnRh from hypothalamus

gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland

Effetcs the gonads .simulates ovuation,maintainace of corpus luteum as well as simulate testoterone and estrogen secretion

FSH

Stimulated by GnRh from hypothalamus

gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland

Effects the gonads ,where it acts to simulate sperm production,secretion of estrogen and growth of ovarian follicles

Testosterone

LH from anterior pituitary gland

Produced by gonads: Leydig cells in testes in men

ovaries in women

Effects male reproductive organ and their development .

Development of tissues like testis and prostrate.

Also promotes secondary sexual charactristics like hair groth ,body mass ,increased muscle etc.

CRH

release activated in stress

Paraventricular nucleusin hypothalamus.

This is a group of neurons which are activated in stress

also expressed in placenta

Effetcs pituitary synthesis of ACTH

also expressed in

placenta where it determines the length of gestation and timing of parturition as wellas timing of delivery

ACTH

Adrenocorticotropic hormone is releases in response to biological stress

Released from anterior pituitary gland from basophilic cells called corticotrophes

In the adrenal gland, increases the production nd release of cortisol(a glucocorticoid steroid hormone)

cortisol

Released in reponce to low bllod glucose concentration and stress .ACTH silulates the release of the hormone in such condition

Produced in the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland by zona fasciculata region

Acts on most of the tissus ,where it maintains electrolye balance,increases blood sugar through gluconeogenesis,aids metabolism of protein and carbohydrate

aldosterone

Released in response to decreased bllod sodium and elevated calcium as well as decresed blood volume or blood poressure

produced by cells of the zona glomerulosa region of the adrenal cortexin the adrenal gland.

Targets kidney where it aids in sodium conservation by sodium retention and potassium excretion

Maintains arterial blood pressure

androgens

Adrenocorticotropic is a potent stimulant

Synthesised by cholesterol in gonads(ovaries and testicles(leydig cells)) and adrenal glands

Required by sertoli cells of testis for sperm productoon

development of masculinization (male reproductive organs development in the fetus)

epinephrin

Symapthetic stimulus from hypothalamus(fight or flight response) .also released during exercise

Produced by few neurons of the central nervous system, and in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla from the amino acids precursors

It targets muscles and blood vessels where in it cats to increase the blood flow

In liver cells , along with glucagon,it acts to breakdown the stored glycogen into glucose

Non epinephrine

Involved in flight or fight response by sympathetic paraganglionic neurons

Produced in the adrenal medulla by chromaffin cells

locus coeruleus, is the nuclie located in the pons region in the brain ,cheif producer of hormone in the brain

Acts as a neurotransmitter.

In Brain: increases arousal and alertness, and focuses attention also it increases restlessness and anxiety.

Inreases heart rate and blood pressure and increase of glucose in the blood

	Stimulus of release	Gland/tissue/organ	Target tissue
TRH	Hypothalamus release	Produces by medial neurons of paraventricular nucleus in hypothalamus in the brain	The effect of TRH on the anterior pituitary gland is to trigger the release of TSH, stimulating the thyroid gland to make more thyroid horomone.
TSH	TRH from hypothalamus	Pituitary gland from cells called thyrotrophs	Simulates the release of thyroxine and triiodothyronine from thyroid gland
Thyroid hormone	TSH from pituitary gland	Follicular cells of thyroid gland ,where thyroxine is produced as thyroglobulin and then is cleaved by enzymes to make the active triiodothyronine	act on nearly every cell in the body. They act to increase the body metabolic rate, affect protein synthesis, help regulate long bone growth. The thyroid hormones are central to proper development and differentiation of all cells of the body. These regulate the body metabolism
GnRH	Released from hypothalamus	Releasesd from hypothalamus by GnRH expressing neurons	Acts on pituitary hormone to release Luteinizing Hormone and folicle stimulating hormone
LH	Stimulated by GnRh from hypothalamus	gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland	Effetcs the gonads .simulates ovuation,maintainace of corpus luteum as well as simulate testoterone and estrogen secretion
FSH	Stimulated by GnRh from hypothalamus	gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland	Effects the gonads ,where it acts to simulate sperm production,secretion of estrogen and growth of ovarian follicles
Testosterone	LH from anterior pituitary gland	Produced by gonads: Leydig cells in testes in men ovaries in women	Effects male reproductive organ and their development . Development of tissues like testis and prostrate. Also promotes secondary sexual charactristics like hair groth ,body mass ,increased muscle etc.
CRH	release activated in stress	Paraventricular nucleusin hypothalamus. This is a group of neurons which are activated in stress also expressed in placenta	Effetcs pituitary synthesis of ACTH also expressed in placenta where it determines the length of gestation and timing of parturition as wellas timing of delivery
ACTH	Adrenocorticotropic hormone is releases in response to biological stress	Released from anterior pituitary gland from basophilic cells called corticotrophes	In the adrenal gland, increases the production nd release of cortisol(a glucocorticoid steroid hormone)
cortisol	Released in reponce to low bllod glucose concentration and stress .ACTH silulates the release of the hormone in such condition	Produced in the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland by zona fasciculata region	Acts on most of the tissus ,where it maintains electrolye balance,increases blood sugar through gluconeogenesis,aids metabolism of protein and carbohydrate
aldosterone	Released in response to decreased bllod sodium and elevated calcium as well as decresed blood volume or blood poressure	produced by cells of the zona glomerulosa region of the adrenal cortexin the adrenal gland.	Targets kidney where it aids in sodium conservation by sodium retention and potassium excretion Maintains arterial blood pressure
androgens	Adrenocorticotropic is a potent stimulant	Synthesised by cholesterol in gonads(ovaries and testicles(leydig cells)) and adrenal glands	Required by sertoli cells of testis for sperm productoon development of masculinization (male reproductive organs development in the fetus)
epinephrin	Symapthetic stimulus from hypothalamus(fight or flight response) .also released during exercise	Produced by few neurons of the central nervous system, and in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla from the amino acids precursors	It targets muscles and blood vessels where in it cats to increase the blood flow In liver cells , along with glucagon,it acts to breakdown the stored glycogen into glucose
Non epinephrine	Involved in flight or fight response by sympathetic paraganglionic neurons	Produced in the adrenal medulla by chromaffin cells locus coeruleus, is the nuclie located in the pons region in the brain ,cheif producer of hormone in the brain	Acts as a neurotransmitter. In Brain: increases arousal and alertness, and focuses attention also it increases restlessness and anxiety. Inreases heart rate and blood pressure and increase of glucose in the blood